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Table 1
AM process families and examples of each process, as defined by the ASTM [3].
| Process family | Definition | Example processes |
|---|---|---|
| Vat photopolymerization | Selective photopolymerization of a vat of liquid photopolymer resin performed layer by layer | Stereolithography (SLA), two-photon lithography |
| Powder bed fusion | Selective fusion of a powdered material bed performed layer by layer | Selective laser melting (SLM, metals), electron beam melting (EBM, metals), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS, metals), selective laser sintering (SLS, polymers and ceramics) |
| Material extrusion | Selective extrusion of material through a nozzle performed layer by layer | Fused deposition modelling (FDM, polymers) |
| Material jetting | Selective deposition of liquid material droplets onto a substrate performed layer by layer | Inkjetting (various materials), metaljetting |
| Binder jetting | Selective deposition of liquid binder droplets into a bed of powdered material performed layer by layer | 3D printing (polymers and ceramics) |
| Sheet lamination | Selective cutting of material sheets that are laminated together to form 3D geometries | Laminated object manufacture (LOM, various materials) |
| Directed energy deposition | Selective deposition of material fed into an energy source to form a melt pool, usually mounted on a multi axis arm | Direct metal deposition (DMD), laser engineered net shaping (LENS, also metals) |
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