Table 5
Quantitative indicators collected from tunnel faces (e.g., ZK19+104).
| Indicator name | Measurement method | Typical value range | Engineering implication |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vault Settlement | Automatic Leveling + Invert Monitoring | 6.3–9.1 mm | Reflects vertical deformation post-excavation |
| Peripheral Convergence | Convergence Gauge | 4.8 − 7.5 mm | Indicates lateral deformation and lining stress risk |
| Deep Displacement (Rock Mass) | Borehole Inclinometer | 3.2 − 6.0 mm | Assesses deep structural response and slope tendency |
| Primary Support Load | Stress Sensor on Steel Frame | 72 − 105 kN | Evaluates support system effectiveness |
| Face Stability Rating (Expert Review) | Field Evaluation + Classification | Stable / Moderately Weak | Used for the excavation strategy adjustment |
| Water Seepage Observation | Field Visual Inspection + Weep Hole Data | Localized wetting | Signals a need for drainage or waterproofing measures |
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